To Review a Projects Tasks and Their Interrelationships You Would Use Which of the Following?

Managing Project Take chances

The level of hazard inherent in an information systems project risk is influenced by 3 main dimensions:

• Project size: The larger or more complex the project, the greater the chance. There are few reliable techniques for estimating the time and cost to develop large-scale information systems.
• Project structure: Highly structured projects comport lower risk than those with relatively undefined, fluid, and constantly changing requirements; with outputs that cannot be stock-still easily because they are subject to users' changing ideas; or with users who cannot concord on what they desire.
• Experience with engineering science: The project risk rises if the project team and the data system staff lack the required technical expertise.

Successful organisation building also requires careful change management . To manage the organizational alter surrounding the introduction of a new information system effectively, you must examine the process of implementation , the organizational activities working toward the adoption, management, and routinization of an innovation. In the implementation process, the systems analyst is a alter agent that not but develops technical solutions merely redefining the configurations, interactions, task activities, and power relationships of various organizational groups. The modify agent is responsible for ensuring that all parties involved take the changes created past a new organisation.

System implementation generally benefits from loftier levels of user interest and management support. High levels of user involvement create opportunities for a system better reflecting user needs, equally well as positive reactions to the organization by users. An important consideration is the discrepancy betwixt the technical orientation of arrangement designers and the business orientation of end-users-a miracle known as the user-designer communications gap . Systems development projects run a very loftier risk of failure when in that location is a pronounced gap betwixt users and technical specialists and when these groups proceed to pursue different goals. In improver, if an information systems projection has the bankroll and commitment of management at diverse levels, information technology is more likely to be perceived positively past both users and the technical information services staff.

As a consequence of these inherent risks in project implementation, there are very high (upwards to 70 percent) failure rates amidst enterprise awarding and business process reengineering (BPR) projects. Projects related to mergers and acquisitions accept a similar failure rate.

Various project management, requirements gathering, and planning methodologies take been adult for specific categories of implementation problems.

• Internal integration tools: Projects using a complex new technology are riskier and require internal integration tools to ensure that the implementation team is a cohesive unit.
• Formal planning and control tools: Tools for documenting and monitoring projects that do good highly structured projects: Gantt charts list projection activities, start and end dates of tasks, and visually represent the timing and duration of different tasks. A PERT chart graphically depicts project tasks and their interrelationships. The PERT chart lists the specific activities that make upwards a project and the activities that must exist completed before a specific activeness tin can get-go. Both Gantt and PERT charts help managers identify bottlenecks and determine the affect that problems will have on project completion times.

Figure 14-eight, 14-ix

Figure 14-8 A GANTT CHART The Gantt chart in this figure shows the job, person-days, and initials of each responsible person, as well as the start and stop dates for each job. The resource summary provides a skilful director with the total person-days for each month and for each person working on the project to manage the project successfully. The project described here is a data administration projection.

Figure 14-9 A PERT CHART This is a simplified PERT nautical chart for creating a small Spider web site. It shows the ordering of project tasks and the relationship of a task with preceding and succeeding tasks.

• External integration tools : Consist of ways to link the work of the implementation team to users at all organizational levels, helping more unstructured projects that need high levels of user involvement. Users can become leaders or active members of the system-building team or they can take accuse of grooming, installation, and organization assessment. Implementation strategy should both encourage user participation and involvement and address the issue of counterimplementation : a deliberate strategy to undermine the implementation of an information organisation.

New systems should as well address ways in which the organization volition change. Ergonomics �the interaction of people and machines in the work environment including such issues as design of jobs, wellness issues, and the information system end-user interface�must be considered. Systems analysis and blueprint activities should include an organizational touch on analysis that explains how a proposed organisation volition touch organizational structure, attitudes, decision making, and operations.

A sociotechnical design approach emphasizes participation by the individuals most affected by the new organization. The design plan establishes homo objectives for the system that lead to increased job satisfaction. Designers fix forth separate sets of technical and social pattern solutions. The social design plans explore different work group structures, allocation of tasks, and the design of individual jobs. The pattern solution that all-time fulfills both technical and social objectives is selected.

Commercial software tools that automate many aspects of project direction facilitate the project management process. Project management software typically features capabilities for defining and ordering tasks, assigning resources to tasks, establishing starting and ending dates to tasks, tracking progress, and facilitating modifications to tasks and resources, and creating Gantt and PERT charts. Microsoft Project has get the near widely used project management software today.

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